{ "category": "Logical functions", "display_name": "IFS", "entry_kind": "built_in_function", "eval_api": { "method": "POST", "url": "https://handbook.dnacalc.com/api/eval" }, "function_id": "FUNC.IFS", "implementation_state": { "answer_bank": { "excel_builds": [ "20430" ], "larger_numeric": 0, "last_bit": 0, "matched": 1212, "other_mismatch": 0, "refused": 0, "rows": 1212, "unread": 0, "worst_ulp": 0 }, "detail": "Recorded: 1,212 in the answer bank and 42 workbook cells.", "dnacalc_commit": "9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87", "in_catalogue": true, "state": "matches", "state_label": "Matches every recorded Excel answer", "summary": "Matches all 1,254 recorded answers", "workbook_corpus": { "cells": 42, "matched": 42 } }, "implementations": [ { "commit": "9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87", "flavour": "excel-compatibility-candidate", "language": "Rust", "name": "CalcFunc", "own_code": [ "https://github.com/DnaCalc/DnaCalc/blob/9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87/crates/calc-func/src/catalogue/logical_more.rs#L78-L89", "https://github.com/DnaCalc/DnaCalc/blob/9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87/crates/calc-func/src/catalogue/logical_more.rs#L127-L140", "https://github.com/DnaCalc/DnaCalc/blob/9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87/crates/calc-func/src/catalogue/logical_more.rs#L142-L151" ], "repository": "https://github.com/DnaCalc/DnaCalc", "shared_code": [ "catalogue/logical_more::selected", "catalogue/logical_more::selection" ], "source": "https://github.com/DnaCalc/DnaCalc/blob/9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87/crates/calc-func/src/catalogue/logical_more.rs#L78-L89", "state": "matches", "suite": null, "summary": "Matches all 1,254 recorded answers" } ], "json_url": "https://handbook.dnacalc.com/api/functions/FUNC.IFS.json", "name": "IFS", "notes": [ { "basis": "11 recorded selection readings in dynamic-array Excel, each with size observers.", "documentation": null, "evidence": [ { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": null, "note": "selection and callable readings pinned", "path": "apps/dna-onecalc/tests/acceptance.rs", "repository": "DnaCalc" }, { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheets fn2_q016 to fn2_q022, fn2_q194, fn2_q195, fn2_q208, fn2_q209", "note": "recorded readings", "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } ], "functions": [ "FUNC.IFS", "FUNC.SWITCH" ], "inferred": null, "kind": "quirk", "note_id": "FN-IFS-001", "open": [ "A selected LAMBDA that is then called, or passed through LET or IFERROR, has not been read in a published capture." ], "recorded_on": "2026-11-04", "repros": [ { "call": "=IFS(TRUE,1,{FALSE,TRUE},{2,3})", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": "0x3ff0000000000000", "display": "1", "kind": "number" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q208, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=SWITCH(2,2,1,{1,2},3)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": "0x3ff0000000000000", "display": "1", "kind": "number" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q209, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=SWITCH(\"A\",\"a\",1,{\"A\",\"A\"},2)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": "0x3ff0000000000000", "display": "1", "kind": "number" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q016, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=ISBLANK(IFS(TRUE,Data!Z1))", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "TRUE", "kind": "logical" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "Data!Z1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "(empty cell)", "kind": "blank" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q194, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=ISBLANK(SWITCH(1,1,Data!Z1))", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "TRUE", "kind": "logical" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "Data!Z1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "(empty cell)", "kind": "blank" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q195, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=IFS(TRUE,LAMBDA(xx,xx))", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#CALC!", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q017, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=SWITCH(1,1,LAMBDA(xx,xx))", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#CALC!", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q018, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=IFS(TRUE,HSTACK(LAMBDA(xx,xx),LAMBDA(xx,xx)))", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "{#CALC!,#CALC!}", "kind": "array" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q019, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=IFS(\"2\",{\"hit\",\"hit\"})", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "{#VALUE!,#VALUE!}", "kind": "array" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q021, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=SWITCH(#VALUE!,1,{1,2},0)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#VALUE!", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q022, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } } ], "schema": "efh.function-note/v1", "statement": "Once a scalar test selects a result, array arguments after it have no effect on the shape: IFS(TRUE,1,{FALSE,TRUE},{2,3}) and SWITCH(2,2,1,{1,2},3) each return one 1, not an array, and SWITCH(\"A\",\"a\",1,{\"A\",\"A\"},2) returns 1 because the match ignores case. The selected value itself is passed on as it is. A selected reference stays a reference: ISBLANK(IFS(TRUE,Data!Z1)) is TRUE over an empty cell. A selected LAMBDA shows as #CALC! in the cell, IFS(TRUE,LAMBDA(xx,xx)), and a selected array of LAMBDAs as #CALC! in each cell. A test that is not TRUE or FALSE gives #VALUE! in the shape of its result: IFS(\"2\",{\"hit\",\"hit\"}) is {#VALUE!,#VALUE!}. A direct error as the SWITCH expression stays one error: SWITCH(#VALUE!,1,{1,2},0) is #VALUE!.", "status": "measured", "title": "IFS and SWITCH pass on the selected value whole, and later arrays do not lift the call" } ], "schema": "efh.function-reference/v1", "section_order": [ "what-it-does", "try-it", "quirks", "how-to-implement", "version-differences", "alternatives" ], "sections": { "alternatives": "\nUse nested [IF](FUNC.IF.md) when its branch evaluation behaviour is required. Use\n[SWITCH](FUNC.SWITCH.md) when comparing one expression with several candidate values. Use a\nlookup table when the conditions encode a growing data table. SUMIFS and COUNTIFS aggregate\nmatching cells; they do not select a single branch.\n\n\n\n\n", "how-to-implement": "\nRepresent the condition/value pairs explicitly and reject unpaired syntax at the formula\nboundary. Determine the first matching condition according to Excel's logical coercion and\nerror rules, then return its corresponding value with its reference or callable identity intact.\n\nTreat argument evaluation policy and result selection as separate design choices. Test an\nunselected error, volatile function, recursive lambda and array independently before replacing\nIFS with a chain of lazy IF operations. Selecting the same visible value does not prove the\nsame evaluation behaviour.\n\nFor array inputs, measure which conditions establish the output shape and when selection stops\nthat process. Apply errors per output coordinate where the measured rule calls for it. A blanket\nbroadcast over every argument contradicts the scalar-selection example above.\n\n\n", "quirks": "\nMicrosoft documents `#VALUE!` if an evaluated condition cannot resolve to TRUE or FALSE, and an\nentry-time error message if a condition has no paired value. Those are distinct from an unmatched\nbut otherwise valid call returning `#N/A`.\n\nThe selected value can retain its reference identity. On the recorded build,\n`ISBLANK(IFS(TRUE,Data!Z1))` returns TRUE when that cell is empty. Converting every selected\nreference to a number would lose this behaviour.\n\nLater arrays do not necessarily enlarge the result. The recorded\n`IFS(TRUE,1,{FALSE,TRUE},{2,3})` returns one 1. This observation is about the selected result and\nshape; it does not establish that every unselected expression avoids evaluation. Do not infer a\ngeneral short-circuit guarantee from the phrase “first true condition”.\n\n\n", "sources": "\n- [Microsoft: IFS function](https://support.microsoft.com/en-gb/excel/functions/ifs-function).\n- [Recorded selector examples](../notes/FN-IFS-001.json).\n\n", "try-it": "\nStart with the example's first true condition, then make it false to reach the fallback. Remove\nthe final `TRUE` pair to see the unmatched case. Keep the condition/value pairs balanced.\n\n\n", "version-differences": "The recorded environments below distinguish a reading from a same-input comparison. Counts describe captured inputs in each environment; overlapping captures and comparisons are not totals of unique worksheet calls.\n\n| Excel 16.0 build | Platform and CPU | Captured inputs |\n|---|---|---:|\n| 20430 | Windows, 64-bit, CPU not recorded | 1,212 |\n\nThe record contains no same-input comparison between these environments. Reading different inputs on different builds does not establish either a version change or cross-build agreement.\n\n[Recorded environments and comparison details](https://github.com/DnaCalc/ExcelFunctionsHandbook/blob/5dc75391aa5125ccc5abdb095da85950980d6fd8/content/evidence/environments/FUNC.IFS.json).", "what-it-does": "\n`IFS(test1, value1, [test2, value2], …)` chooses the value paired with the first true test.\nOrder matters: put more specific or higher-priority conditions first. Microsoft documents up to\n127 condition/value pairs.\n\nThere is no separate default argument. A final `TRUE, fallback` pair supplies a default;\nwithout any true test, the result is `#N/A`.\n\nFor example, `=IFS(85>=90,\"A\",85>=80,\"B\",TRUE,\"C\")` selects `\"B\"`.\n\n\n" }, "signature": { "display": "IFS(test1, value1, [test2, value2], …)", "max_arguments": 254, "min_arguments": 2, "parameters": [ { "description": "One condition in each condition/value pair.", "name": "logical_test", "optional": false, "repeats": true }, { "description": "The value paired with that condition.", "name": "value_if_true", "optional": false, "repeats": true } ], "repeating_group": { "max_groups": 127, "parameters": [ "logical_test", "value_if_true" ] }, "trailing_repeats": false }, "sources": { "metadata": { "admission": { "label": "implemented", "reason": null }, "arity": { "max": 254, "min": 2 }, "category": "Logical functions", "classification": { "arg_preparation_profile": "RefsVisibleInAdapter", "coercion_lift_profile": "Custom", "determinism_class": "Deterministic", "error_collapse_profile": "SelectorBranch", "fec_dependency_profile": "None", "host_interaction_class": "None", "kernel_signature_class": "Custom", "rich_value_usage": "RichBlind", "surface_fec_dependency_profile": "RefOnly", "thread_safety_class": "SafePure", "volatility_class": "NonVolatile" }, "descriptions": { "long": null, "short": "The value paired with the first condition that is TRUE", "short_source": "dna-calc-own" }, "docs": { "english_description": "Checks whether one or more conditions are met and returns a value that corresponds to the first TRUE condition.", "microsoft_url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/ifs-function-36329a26-37b2-467c-972b-4a39bd951d45" }, "entry_kind": "built_in_function", "localized_family_names": null, "localized_names": [ { "locale": "ar-SA", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "bg-BG", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "cs-CZ", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "da-DK", "name": "HVISER" }, { "locale": "de-DE", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "el-GR", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "en-AU", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "en-GB", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "en-US", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "es-ES", "name": "SI.CONJUNTO" }, { "locale": "et-EE", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "fi-FI", "name": "JOS.JOUKKO" }, { "locale": "fr-FR", "name": "SI.CONDITIONS*" }, { "locale": "he-IL", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "hr-HR", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "hu-HU", "name": "HAELSŐIGAZ" }, { "locale": "id-ID", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "it-IT", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "ja-JP", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "ko-KR", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "lt-LT", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "lv-LV", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "nb-NO", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "nl-NL", "name": "ALS.VOORWAARDEN" }, { "locale": "pl-PL", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "pt-BR", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "pt-PT", "name": "SE.S" }, { "locale": "ro-RO", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "ru-RU", "name": "ЕСЛИМН" }, { "locale": "sk-SK", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "sl-SI", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "sr-Latn-RS", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "sv-SE", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "th-TH", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "tr-TR", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "uk-UA", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "vi-VN", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "zh-CN", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "zh-HK", "name": "IFS" }, { "locale": "zh-TW", "name": "IFS" } ], "signature": { "display": "IFS(logical_test1, value_if_true1, ...)", "parameters": [ { "description": null, "name": "logical_test1", "optional": false, "repeats": false }, { "description": null, "name": "value_if_true1", "optional": false, "repeats": true } ], "trailing_repeats": true }, "surface_name": "IFS", "version_marker": null, "xlcall": null }, "microsoft": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/ifs-function-36329a26-37b2-467c-972b-4a39bd951d45" }, "try_it": { "formula": "=IFS(2>1,\"yes\",TRUE,\"no\")" }, "url": "https://handbook.dnacalc.com/functions/IFS.html", "variants": [], "versions": [ { "behaviour": "=IFS(TRUE,1,{FALSE,TRUE},{2,3}) returned 1 (0x3ff0000000000000). =ISBLANK(IFS(TRUE,Data!Z1)) returned TRUE. 3 further recorded controls are attached. Inputs were supplied through cells using Value2, formula literals. These are controls from this environment, not a same-input comparison with another build.", "excel_build": "16.0.20527.20088", "observations": [ { "call": "=IFS(TRUE,1,{FALSE,TRUE},{2,3})", "excel": { "bits": "0x3ff0000000000000", "display": "1", "kind": "number" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA" }, { "call": "=ISBLANK(IFS(TRUE,Data!Z1))", "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "TRUE", "kind": "logical" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "Data!Z1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "(empty cell)", "kind": "blank" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA" }, { "call": "=IFS(TRUE,LAMBDA(xx,xx))", "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#CALC!", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA" }, { "call": "=IFS(TRUE,HSTACK(LAMBDA(xx,xx),LAMBDA(xx,xx)))", "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "{#CALC!,#CALC!}", "kind": "array" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA" }, { "call": "=IFS(\"2\",{\"hit\",\"hit\"})", "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "{#VALUE!,#VALUE!}", "kind": "array" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA" } ], "platform": "Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "sources": [ "https://github.com/DnaCalc/ExcelFunctionsHandbook/blob/3345a87/content/notes/FN-IFS-001.json" ] }, { "behaviour": "1,212 captured inputs are indexed for this environment. Capture dates: 2026-09-29 to 2026-09-29. This is a reading count, not a comparison with another build.", "excel_build": "16.0 build 20430", "platform": "Windows, 64-bit, CPU not recorded", "sources": [ "https://github.com/DnaCalc/ExcelFunctionsHandbook/blob/5dc75391aa5125ccc5abdb095da85950980d6fd8/content/evidence/environments/FUNC.IFS.json" ] } ] }