{ "category": "Lookup and reference functions", "display_name": "TOROW", "entry_kind": "built_in_function", "eval_api": { "method": "POST", "url": "https://handbook.dnacalc.com/api/eval" }, "function_id": "FUNC.TOROW", "implementation_state": { "answer_bank": null, "detail": "Recorded: 9 workbook cells.", "dnacalc_commit": "9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87", "in_catalogue": true, "state": "matches", "state_label": "Matches every recorded Excel answer", "summary": "Matches all 9 recorded answers", "workbook_corpus": { "cells": 9, "matched": 9 } }, "implementations": [ { "commit": "9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87", "flavour": "excel-compatibility-candidate", "language": "Rust", "name": "CalcFunc", "own_code": [ "https://github.com/DnaCalc/DnaCalc/blob/9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87/crates/calc-func/src/catalogue/arrays.rs#L690-L696", "https://github.com/DnaCalc/DnaCalc/blob/9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87/crates/calc-func/src/ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family.rs#L497-L513" ], "repository": "https://github.com/DnaCalc/DnaCalc", "shared_code": [ "catalogue/arrays::source_error", "catalogue/arrays::prepared", "catalogue/arrays::prepared_one", "catalogue/arrays::by_area", "catalogue/arrays::result", "catalogue/arrays::run", "catalogue/arrays::as_array", "ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family::coerce_prepared_to_number", "ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family::scalar_cell", "ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family::materialize_array_arg", "ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family::shape", "ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family::get", "ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family::parse_integer", "ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family::parse_bool_like", "ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family::build_array", "ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family::flatten_cells", "ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family::should_ignore_cell", "ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family::parse_ignore_mode", "ported/dynamic_array_reshape_family::map_dynamic_array_reshape_error_to_ws" ], "source": "https://github.com/DnaCalc/DnaCalc/blob/9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87/crates/calc-func/src/catalogue/arrays.rs#L690-L696", "state": "matches", "suite": null, "summary": "Matches all 9 recorded answers" } ], "json_url": "https://handbook.dnacalc.com/api/functions/FUNC.TOROW.json", "name": "TOROW", "notes": [ { "basis": "27 recorded readings in dynamic-array Excel, each with size observers.", "documentation": null, "evidence": [ { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "scalar_errors_keep_their_array_argument_origins", "note": "recorded readings pinned", "path": "apps/dna-onecalc/tests/acceptance.rs", "repository": "DnaCalc" }, { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheets fn2_q001 to fn2_q007, fn2_q031 to fn2_q042, fn2_q232 to fn2_q239", "note": "recorded readings", "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } ], "functions": [ "FUNC.BYCOL", "FUNC.BYROW", "FUNC.EXPAND", "FUNC.HSTACK", "FUNC.MAP", "FUNC.TAKE", "FUNC.TOCOL", "FUNC.TOROW", "FUNC.VSTACK" ], "inferred": null, "kind": "quirk", "note_id": "FN-HSTACK-001", "open": [ "Competing errors in later positions have not been read in a published capture." ], "recorded_on": "2026-11-04", "repros": [ { "call": "=HSTACK(1,#VALUE!)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#VALUE!", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q004, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=TAKE(#N/A,0)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#N/A", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q232, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=MAP(NA(),LAMBDA(xx,IFERROR(xx,3)))", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#N/A", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q031, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=MAP({#N/A},LAMBDA(xx,3))", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": "0x4008000000000000", "display": "3", "kind": "number" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q032, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=HSTACK(Data!C1,{1;2})", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "{#N/A,1;#N/A,2}", "kind": "array" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "Data!C1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "#N/A", "kind": "error" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q238, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=TOCOL(#N/A,2)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#N/A", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q233, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=TOCOL({#N/A},2)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#CALC!", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q234, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=EXPAND(Data!C1,2,2,\"pad\")", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#N/A", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "Data!C1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "#N/A", "kind": "error" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q237, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=BYROW(#N/A,#VALUE!)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#N/A", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q040, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=BYROW({#N/A},2)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#VALUE!", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "formula-literal", "inputs": [], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet fn2_q038, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn2_questions/oracle.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } } ], "schema": "efh.function-note/v1", "statement": "An error written directly as an argument of these functions is the answer for the whole call. It is not placed in the result: HSTACK(1,#VALUE!) is #VALUE!, not a row holding 1 and an error, and TAKE(#N/A,0) is #N/A. With MAP the LAMBDA does not run at all: MAP(NA(),LAMBDA(xx,IFERROR(xx,3))) is #N/A. The same error inside an array, or in a referenced cell, is an ordinary element: MAP({#N/A},LAMBDA(xx,3)) is 3, and HSTACK(Data!C1,{1;2}) with #N/A in Data!C1 is a 2 by 2 array with #N/A in its first column. TOCOL and TOROW show the difference with ignore 2: TOCOL(#N/A,2) is #N/A, while TOCOL({#N/A},2) drops the error, has nothing left, and is #CALC!. EXPAND is an exception on the cell side: EXPAND(Data!C1,2,2,\"pad\") is #N/A for the whole call. BYROW and BYCOL check the direct error first too: BYROW(#N/A,#VALUE!) is #N/A, while BYROW({#N/A},2), where 2 is not a LAMBDA, is #VALUE!.", "status": "measured", "title": "A direct error stops these array functions; the same error in an array or cell is an element" } ], "schema": "efh.function-reference/v1", "section_order": [ "what-it-does", "try-it", "quirks", "how-to-implement", "version-differences", "alternatives" ], "sections": { "alternatives": "\n### Relationships\n\n\n- **`TOCOL`** is the transpose twin, with the identical argument vocabulary.\n- **`WRAPROWS` / `WRAPCOLS`** invert the flattening: a vector back to a rectangle. `WRAPROWS`\n is the natural partner of `TOROW` when reshaping `m × n` to `p × q`.\n- **`TRANSPOSE`** exchanges axes without flattening.\n- **`HSTACK`** builds a row by concatenation rather than by flattening; for single-row inputs\n the two coincide, and for rectangular inputs they do not.\n- **`TEXTJOIN(delim, TRUE, TOROW(range, 1))`** is the idiomatic \"list these values in a\n sentence\" composition.\n\n\n", "how-to-implement": "\n### Notes for implementers\n\n- The output axis and the traversal axis are independent. Writing `TOROW` as \"transpose, then\n `TOCOL`\" is correct but changes which traversal flag means what — the composition has to be\n worked out rather than assumed.\n- `ignore` is a code with four admitted values; anything else needs a decided outcome.\n- The blank definition must be stated explicitly and shared with `TOCOL`.\n- Filtering must preserve traversal order.\n\n\n", "quirks": "\n### Result and edge cases\n\n\nThe return kind is a single-row array.\n\n- **The result can be empty** when `ignore` removes everything; Excel's convention for an empty\n array result is `#CALC!` ([the value universe](../model/01-value-universe.md)), and `TOROW`\n uses it with `ignore` `2` when nothing is left (FN-HSTACK-001).\n- **\"Blank\" is ambiguous** between an empty cell and text of zero length. Which one `ignore`\n `1` drops is the question that decides how the function behaves on formula-generated data,\n and the documentation does not disambiguate it.\n- **Ignoring errors shortens the result**; positions no longer correspond to source cells. A\n direct error is not an element and is not ignored (FN-HSTACK-001).\n- **A one-element result stays an array.**\n- Dynamic-array publication and `#SPILL!` are host-side adaptation.\n\n\n\n### Errors\n\n\nMicrosoft's `TOCOL` page documents `#VALUE!` for an array constant containing numbers that are\nnot whole numbers, and `#NUM!` for an array that is too large. `TOROW` is documented as the\ntwin function and the same conditions are the expected ones; the Handbook has not confirmed\nthat the `TOROW` page states them identically, and does not assert the first condition's\nmeaning, which does not obviously describe a flattening operation.\n\n\n", "sources": "\n- Microsoft, *TOROW function* —\n \n (syntax and argument meanings). Not retrieved for this page; the behaviour above is stated as\n documented behaviour and should be re-checked against the page.\n- Microsoft, *TOCOL function* —\n \n (the shared `ignore` value table, the `scan_by_column` default, and the documented `#VALUE!`\n and `#NUM!` conditions). Retrieved for this page and used as the twin function's reference.\n- Handbook `content/model/01-value-universe.md` and `content/model/03-call-pipeline.md`.\n- Handbook `data/functions/FUNC.TOROW.json` (signature, arity, classification axes).\n\n", "version-differences": "No comparison between specific Excel builds is recorded here yet. This does not establish that all builds behave alike.", "what-it-does": "\n`TOROW` flattens an `m × n` array into a **single row**.\n\nThe elements are visited in one of two traversal orders and, optionally, filtered by kind\nbefore being laid out left to right:\n\n- **`scan_by_column` omitted or `FALSE`** — scan by row: row 1 left to right, then row 2, and\n so on (row-major).\n- **`scan_by_column` `TRUE`** — scan by column: column 1 top to bottom, then column 2\n (column-major).\n\nFor `{1,2;3,4}` those give `{1,2,3,4}` and `{1,3,2,4}`.\n\nThe `ignore` argument drops element kinds before assembly, with the same code vocabulary the\nwhole flattening pair shares: `0` keep everything (default), `1` ignore blanks, `2` ignore\nerrors, `3` ignore both.\n\n`TOROW` and `TOCOL` are the same operation with the output axis exchanged;\n`TOROW(x, i, s)` equals `TRANSPOSE(TOCOL(x, i, s))`. Which one you want is decided by what\nconsumes the result, not by anything about the input.\n\n\n\n### Arguments\n\n\nMicrosoft documents `TOROW(array, [ignore], [scan_by_column])`.\n\n**`array`** — required. The array or reference to flatten.\n\n**`ignore`** — optional, default `0`. Values `0`–`3` as above. It is an integer code, not a\nlogical, even though `1` and `TRUE` coerce alike.\n\n**`scan_by_column`** — optional, default `FALSE`. A logical selecting the traversal order.\n\nThe common confusion is between the two optional positions: `TOROW(A, 1)` filters blanks;\n`TOROW(A, , 1)` changes the traversal. Both are legal and neither errors, so the mistake shows\nup as a silently reordered or silently shortened row.\n\nA second confusion is specific to this function's name. `TOROW` does **not** mean \"read the\narray by rows\" — that is `scan_by_column` `FALSE`. It means \"produce a row\". The name describes\nthe output shape; the traversal is the third argument's business.\n\n\n" }, "signature": { "display": "TOROW(array, [ignore], [scan_by_column])", "parameters": [ { "description": null, "name": "array", "optional": false, "repeats": false }, { "description": null, "name": "ignore", "optional": true, "repeats": false }, { "description": null, "name": "scan_by_column", "optional": true, "repeats": false } ], "trailing_repeats": false }, "sources": { "metadata": { "admission": { "label": "implemented", "reason": null }, "arity": { "max": 3, "min": 1 }, "category": "Lookup and reference functions", "classification": { "arg_preparation_profile": "ValuesOnlyPreAdapter", "coercion_lift_profile": "Custom", "determinism_class": "Deterministic", "error_collapse_profile": "None", "fec_dependency_profile": "None", "host_interaction_class": "None", "kernel_signature_class": "Custom", "rich_value_usage": "RichBlind", "surface_fec_dependency_profile": "RefOnly", "thread_safety_class": "SafePure", "volatility_class": "NonVolatile" }, "descriptions": { "long": null, "short": "The items of an array in one row", "short_source": "dna-calc-own" }, "docs": { "english_description": "Returns the array in a single row", "microsoft_url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/torow-function-b90d0964-a7d9-44b7-816b-ffa5c2fe2289" }, "entry_kind": "built_in_function", "localized_family_names": null, "localized_names": [ { "locale": "ar-SA", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "bg-BG", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "cs-CZ", "name": "DO.ŘÁDKU" }, { "locale": "da-DK", "name": "TILRÆKKE" }, { "locale": "de-DE", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "el-GR", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "en-AU", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "en-GB", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "en-US", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "es-ES", "name": "ENFILA" }, { "locale": "et-EE", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "fi-FI", "name": "RIVIIN" }, { "locale": "fr-FR", "name": "DANSLIGNE*" }, { "locale": "he-IL", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "hr-HR", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "hu-HU", "name": "SORHOZ" }, { "locale": "id-ID", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "it-IT", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "ja-JP", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "ko-KR", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "lt-LT", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "lv-LV", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "nb-NO", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "nl-NL", "name": "NAAR.RIJ" }, { "locale": "pl-PL", "name": "DO.WIERSZA" }, { "locale": "pt-BR", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "pt-PT", "name": "PARALIN" }, { "locale": "ro-RO", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "ru-RU", "name": "ПОСТРОК" }, { "locale": "sk-SK", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "sl-SI", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "sr-Latn-RS", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "sv-SE", "name": "TILLRAD" }, { "locale": "th-TH", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "tr-TR", "name": "SATIRA" }, { "locale": "uk-UA", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "vi-VN", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "zh-CN", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "zh-HK", "name": "TOROW" }, { "locale": "zh-TW", "name": "TOROW" } ], "signature": { "display": "TOROW(array, [ignore], [scan_by_column])", "parameters": [ { "description": null, "name": "array", "optional": false, "repeats": false }, { "description": null, "name": "ignore", "optional": true, "repeats": false }, { "description": null, "name": "scan_by_column", "optional": true, "repeats": false } ], "trailing_repeats": false }, "surface_name": "TOROW", "version_marker": null, "xlcall": null }, "microsoft": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/torow-function-b90d0964-a7d9-44b7-816b-ffa5c2fe2289" }, "try_it": { "formula": "=TOROW({1,2;3,4})" }, "url": "https://handbook.dnacalc.com/functions/TOROW.html", "variants": [], "versions": [] }