{ "category": "Date and time functions", "display_name": "WORKDAY", "entry_kind": "built_in_function", "eval_api": { "method": "POST", "url": "https://handbook.dnacalc.com/api/eval" }, "function_id": "FUNC.WORKDAY", "implementation_state": { "answer_bank": { "excel_builds": [ "20430" ], "larger_numeric": 0, "last_bit": 0, "matched": 3600, "other_mismatch": 0, "refused": 0, "rows": 3600, "unread": 0, "worst_ulp": 0 }, "detail": "Recorded: 3,600 in the answer bank and 14 workbook cells.", "dnacalc_commit": "9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87", "in_catalogue": true, "state": "matches", "state_label": "Matches every recorded Excel answer", "summary": "Matches all 3,614 recorded answers", "workbook_corpus": { "cells": 14, "matched": 14 } }, "implementations": [ { "commit": "9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87", "flavour": "excel-compatibility-candidate", "language": "Rust", "name": "CalcFunc", "own_code": [ "https://github.com/DnaCalc/DnaCalc/blob/9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87/crates/calc-func/src/catalogue/dates.rs#L319-L321" ], "repository": "https://github.com/DnaCalc/DnaCalc", "shared_code": [ "catalogue/dates::environment", "catalogue/dates::system", "catalogue/dates::to_1900", "catalogue/dates::from_1900", "catalogue/dates::present_num", "catalogue/dates::serial_out", "catalogue/dates::weekend", "catalogue/dates::holidays", "catalogue/dates::workday", "ported/date_kernels::days", "ported/date_kernels::weekday_sunday_one_based", "ported/date_kernels::WeekendMask::saturday_sunday", "ported/date_kernels::WeekendMask::from_number", "ported/date_kernels::WeekendMask::from_mask_text", "ported/date_kernels::WeekendMask::is_all_days", "ported/date_kernels::WeekendMask::contains_serial", "ported/date_kernels::serial_from_number", "ported/date_kernels::is_business_day", "ported/date_kernels::workday" ], "source": "https://github.com/DnaCalc/DnaCalc/blob/9e1884369a678158dd82d3d74188daf986995e87/crates/calc-func/src/catalogue/dates.rs#L319-L321", "state": "matches", "suite": null, "summary": "Matches all 3,614 recorded answers" } ], "json_url": "https://handbook.dnacalc.com/api/functions/FUNC.WORKDAY.json", "name": "WORKDAY", "notes": [ { "basis": "8 recorded readings with an empty B1, one per function, each paired with a reading with TRUE in B1.", "documentation": null, "evidence": [ { "commit": "c4c5dde7e2dcf735d2849835fc49769e2ab67ba7", "locator": "delivered_fn4_blank_date_references_read_serial_zero", "note": "recorded answers pinned", "path": "apps/dna-onecalc/tests/acceptance.rs", "repository": "DnaCalc" }, { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheets qa031 and qa032, and the like pairs of each function", "note": "recorded readings", "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn4_questions/functions-fn4-arguments.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } ], "functions": [ "FUNC.NETWORKDAYS", "FUNC.NETWORKDAYS.INTL", "FUNC.TBILLEQ", "FUNC.TBILLPRICE", "FUNC.TBILLYIELD", "FUNC.WORKDAY", "FUNC.WORKDAY.INTL", "FUNC.YEARFRAC" ], "inferred": null, "kind": "quirk", "note_id": "FN-WORKDAY-001", "open": [ "An argument left empty in the call was not read here for YEARFRAC and the T-bill functions." ], "recorded_on": "2026-11-04", "repros": [ { "call": "=NETWORKDAYS(B1,5)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": "0x4010000000000000", "display": "4", "kind": "number" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "B1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "(empty cell)", "kind": "blank" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet qa032, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn4_questions/functions-fn4-arguments.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=NETWORKDAYS(B1,5)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#VALUE!", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "B1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "TRUE", "kind": "logical" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet qa031, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn4_questions/functions-fn4-arguments.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=WORKDAY(B1,2)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": "0x4008000000000000", "display": "3", "kind": "number" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "B1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "(empty cell)", "kind": "blank" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet qa054, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn4_questions/functions-fn4-arguments.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=WORKDAY(B1,2)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#VALUE!", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "B1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "TRUE", "kind": "logical" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet qa053, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn4_questions/functions-fn4-arguments.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=NETWORKDAYS.INTL(B1,5,1)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": "0x4010000000000000", "display": "4", "kind": "number" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "B1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "(empty cell)", "kind": "blank" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet qa040, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn4_questions/functions-fn4-arguments.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=WORKDAY.INTL(B1,2,1)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": "0x4008000000000000", "display": "3", "kind": "number" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "B1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "(empty cell)", "kind": "blank" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet qa062, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn4_questions/functions-fn4-arguments.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=YEARFRAC(B1,5,0)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": "0x3f8c71c71c71c71c", "display": "0.013888888888888888", "kind": "number" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "B1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "(empty cell)", "kind": "blank" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet qa072, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn4_questions/functions-fn4-arguments.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } }, { "call": "=TBILLEQ(B1,5,0.1)", "correct": null, "excel": { "bits": "0x3fb9fddd1b6a757f", "display": "0.10152990264255911", "kind": "number" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "B1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "(empty cell)", "kind": "blank" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "source": { "commit": "2d0eddcac86413014643af81d646581d54ba57bc", "locator": "sheet qa082, row 20, column 10", "note": null, "path": "crates/calc-func/tests/captures/fn4_questions/functions-fn4-arguments.capture.json", "repository": "DnaCalc" } } ], "schema": "efh.function-note/v1", "statement": "A reference to an empty cell as the first date of these functions reads as serial 0 and gives a normal answer: NETWORKDAYS(B1,5) is 4 and WORKDAY(B1,2) is 3. YEARFRAC(B1,5,0) is 5/360. TRUE in the same cell gives #VALUE!, as a direct TRUE does, so a blank is not treated as the logical FALSE either.", "status": "measured", "title": "An empty cell as a first date is serial 0, but a logical in that cell is #VALUE!" } ], "schema": "efh.function-reference/v1", "section_order": [ "what-it-does", "try-it", "quirks", "how-to-implement", "version-differences", "alternatives" ], "sections": { "alternatives": "\n### Relationships\n\n\n- **[NETWORKDAYS](FUNC.NETWORKDAYS.md)** — the inverse question: given two dates, how many working\n days. The pair should round-trip — `NETWORKDAYS(a, WORKDAY(a, n))` ought to be a simple function\n of `n` — but the exact relation depends on both functions' inclusivity conventions, neither of\n which is documented. Determining the constant is a one-experiment job and would settle both\n conventions at once.\n- **[WORKDAY.INTL](FUNC.WORKDAY.INTL.md)** — the generalization with a `weekend` argument.\n `WORKDAY(a, n, h)` should equal `WORKDAY.INTL(a, n, 1, h)`; unverified here.\n- **[EDATE](FUNC.EDATE.md)** — offsetting by months rather than working days, and documented with\n the same \"if it is not an integer, it is truncated\" rule.\n- **[WEEKDAY](FUNC.WEEKDAY.md)** — the underlying day-of-week notion.\n- **Confusable.** `WORKDAY(a, n)` and `a + n` differ by however many weekends and holidays fall in\n between, which is precisely why the function exists.\n\n\n", "how-to-implement": "\n### Notes for implementers\n\n\n1. **Do not step day by day.** With a fixed Saturday/Sunday weekend the answer has a closed form:\n divide `days` by 5 to get whole weeks, handle the remainder against the start day's weekday\n position, then apply holidays iteratively — and note that applying holidays can push the result\n into a new week, so the holiday pass has to iterate to a fixed point rather than run once.\n2. **The holiday fixed-point is the real algorithm.** Adding a holiday moves the target, which may\n land on another holiday. An implementation that adjusts once is wrong for consecutive holidays,\n which is exactly what Christmas and Easter are.\n3. **Truncate `days` toward zero**, per the documented word.\n4. **Pin the `days = 0` convention** and keep it identical in `WORKDAY.INTL`.\n5. **Normalize `holidays` to a set**, dropping weekend and out-of-span entries first.\n\n\n", "quirks": "\n### Result and edge cases\n\n\nReturns a `Number`: a whole date serial.\n\n- **`days = 0`** is the case that reveals the counting convention. Under the expected reading it\n returns `start_date` — even when `start_date` is a Saturday, which is the input that\n distinguishes \"return the start date\" from \"snap to the nearest working day\".\n- **A `start_date` that is itself a weekend or holiday** is the other diagnostic input, and for the\n same reason.\n- **Negative `days`** walks backwards; the same convention questions apply mirrored.\n- **Holidays outside the traversed span** are irrelevant. Duplicates and weekend-falling holidays\n should contribute nothing, since the operation is exclusion — undocumented.\n- **Blank cells in a `holidays` range** raise the Empty-versus-Missing question from\n [the value universe](../model/01-value-universe.md), and serial 0 lies inside the representable\n range, so a blank read as a number is a date. Undocumented, and a genuine hazard because holiday\n ranges are usually over-sized.\n- **The result carries no time component.**\n\n\n\n### Errors\n\n\nAs documented on the Microsoft page:\n\n- `#VALUE!` \"if any argument is not a valid date\".\n- `#NUM!` \"if start_date plus days yields an invalid date\" — that is, when the offset walks off\n either end of the representable serial range.\n\nThe generalized sibling [WORKDAY.INTL](FUNC.WORKDAY.INTL.md) documents a fuller table, including\n`#NUM!` for an out-of-range date in `holidays` and `#VALUE!` for an invalid weekend string. Whether\n`WORKDAY` also errors on an out-of-range holiday is not stated on its own page and is not asserted\nhere.\n\n\n", "sources": "\n- Microsoft 365 support, **WORKDAY function** —\n .\n Source of the syntax, the `days` description and truncation rule, and both documented error\n conditions. It does not state whether the start date is counted.\n- Microsoft 365 support, **WORKDAY.INTL function** —\n .\n Source of the fuller error table referred to above.\n- Handbook call-model chapters [01 value universe](../model/01-value-universe.md) and\n [03 call pipeline](../model/03-call-pipeline.md).\n- `data/functions/FUNC.WORKDAY.json`, `data/presence/FUNC.WORKDAY.json`,\n `data/battery/FUNC.WORKDAY.json`.\n\n", "version-differences": "The recorded environments below distinguish a reading from a same-input comparison. Counts describe captured inputs in each environment; overlapping captures and comparisons are not totals of unique worksheet calls.\n\n| Excel 16.0 build | Platform and CPU | Captured inputs |\n|---|---|---:|\n| 20430 | Windows, 64-bit, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H with Radeon Graphics | 2,400 |\n\nThe record contains no same-input comparison between these environments. Reading different inputs on different builds does not establish either a version change or cross-build agreement.\n\n[Recorded environments and comparison details](https://github.com/DnaCalc/ExcelFunctionsHandbook/blob/5dc75391aa5125ccc5abdb095da85950980d6fd8/content/evidence/environments/FUNC.WORKDAY.json).", "what-it-does": "\n`WORKDAY` returns the date that lies a given number of **working days** before or after a start\ndate. Weekends — fixed at Saturday and Sunday — and any dates listed in `holidays` are skipped and\ndo not consume the count.\n\nOperationally: step day by day away from `start_date` in the direction given by the sign of `days`,\ndecrementing a counter each time the day stepped onto is a working day, and stop when the counter\nreaches zero. The result is that day's serial.\n\nThe subtlety that this phrasing makes visible, and that the documentation does not settle, is\nwhether `start_date` itself can be the answer. Microsoft's page does not state whether the start\ndate participates in the count. The behaviour readers rely on — and the one that makes `WORKDAY`\nthe inverse of [NETWORKDAYS](FUNC.NETWORKDAYS.md) — is that `days = 0` returns `start_date`\nunchanged and that counting begins from the *next* day. **This Handbook has not verified it**, and\nit is the first probe listed below. It matters: the two conventions differ by one working day on\nevery call, which is a schedule that misses its deadline.\n\n\n\n### Arguments\n\n\n`WORKDAY(start_date, days, [holidays])` — two required arguments and one optional.\n\n**start_date** — \"a date that represents the start date\".\n\n**days** — \"the number of nonweekend and nonholiday days before or after start_date. A positive\nvalue for days yields a future date; a negative value yields a past date.\" Microsoft states the\nconversion rule explicitly: **\"If days is not an integer, it is truncated.\"** Truncation toward\nzero, on the ordinary reading — so `-1.9` becomes `-1`, not `-2`. That negative branch is worth\ntesting, since languages disagree about it.\n\n**holidays** — \"an optional list of one or more dates to exclude from the working calendar, such as\nstate and federal holidays and floating holidays\". A range or array argument in an otherwise scalar\nsignature; see [the call pipeline](../model/03-call-pipeline.md) for how such positions are\nprepared.\n\nThe misunderstood argument is `days`, in two ways: readers pass a *calendar* day count and expect\nweekends to be skipped on top of it (they are not — `days` is already in working days), and readers\nassume `days = 1` means \"tomorrow if tomorrow is a workday\" without checking whether the start day\nitself counts.\n\n\n" }, "signature": { "display": "WORKDAY(start_date, days, [holidays])", "parameters": [ { "description": null, "name": "start_date", "optional": false, "repeats": false }, { "description": null, "name": "days", "optional": false, "repeats": false }, { "description": null, "name": "holidays", "optional": true, "repeats": false } ], "trailing_repeats": false }, "sources": { "metadata": { "admission": { "label": "implemented", "reason": null }, "arity": { "max": 3, "min": 2 }, "category": "Date and time functions", "classification": { "arg_preparation_profile": "ValuesOnlyPreAdapter", "coercion_lift_profile": "Custom", "determinism_class": "Deterministic", "error_collapse_profile": "None", "fec_dependency_profile": "None", "host_interaction_class": "None", "kernel_signature_class": "Custom", "rich_value_usage": "RichBlind", "surface_fec_dependency_profile": "RefOnly", "thread_safety_class": "SafePure", "volatility_class": "NonVolatile" }, "descriptions": { "long": null, "short": "Date a number of working days before or after a start date, skipping weekends and holidays", "short_source": "dna-calc-own" }, "docs": { "english_description": "Returns the serial number of the date before or after a specified number of workdays", "microsoft_url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/workday-function-f764a5b7-05fc-4494-9486-60d494efbf33" }, "entry_kind": "built_in_function", "localized_family_names": null, "localized_names": [ { "locale": "ar-SA", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "bg-BG", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "cs-CZ", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "da-DK", "name": "ARBEJDSDAG" }, { "locale": "de-DE", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "el-GR", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "en-AU", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "en-GB", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "en-US", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "es-ES", "name": "DIA.LAB" }, { "locale": "et-EE", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "fi-FI", "name": "TYÖPÄIVÄ" }, { "locale": "fr-FR", "name": "SERIE.JOUR.OUVRE*" }, { "locale": "he-IL", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "hr-HR", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "hu-HU", "name": "KALK.MUNKANAP" }, { "locale": "id-ID", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "it-IT", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "ja-JP", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "ko-KR", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "lt-LT", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "lv-LV", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "nb-NO", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "nl-NL", "name": "WERKDAG" }, { "locale": "pl-PL", "name": "DZIEŃ.ROBOCZY" }, { "locale": "pt-BR", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "pt-PT", "name": "DIATRABALHO" }, { "locale": "ro-RO", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "ru-RU", "name": "РАБДЕНЬ" }, { "locale": "sk-SK", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "sl-SI", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "sr-Latn-RS", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "sv-SE", "name": "ARBETSDAGAR" }, { "locale": "th-TH", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "tr-TR", "name": "İŞGÜNÜ işlevi" }, { "locale": "uk-UA", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "vi-VN", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "zh-CN", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "zh-HK", "name": "WORKDAY" }, { "locale": "zh-TW", "name": "WORKDAY" } ], "signature": { "display": "WORKDAY(start_date, days, [holidays])", "parameters": [ { "description": null, "name": "start_date", "optional": false, "repeats": false }, { "description": null, "name": "days", "optional": false, "repeats": false }, { "description": null, "name": "holidays", "optional": true, "repeats": false } ], "trailing_repeats": false }, "surface_name": "WORKDAY", "version_marker": null, "xlcall": { "code": "471", "symbol": "xlfWorkday" } }, "microsoft": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/workday-function-f764a5b7-05fc-4494-9486-60d494efbf33" }, "try_it": { "formula": "=WORKDAY(DATE(2026,11,2),5)" }, "url": "https://handbook.dnacalc.com/functions/WORKDAY.html", "variants": [], "versions": [ { "behaviour": "=WORKDAY(B1,2) returned 3 (0x4008000000000000). =WORKDAY(B1,2) returned #VALUE!. Inputs were supplied through cells using Value2. These are controls from this environment, not a same-input comparison with another build.", "excel_build": "16.0.20527.20088", "observations": [ { "call": "=WORKDAY(B1,2)", "excel": { "bits": "0x4008000000000000", "display": "3", "kind": "number" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "B1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "(empty cell)", "kind": "blank" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA" }, { "call": "=WORKDAY(B1,2)", "excel": { "bits": null, "display": "#VALUE!", "kind": "error" }, "input_route": "cell-value2", "inputs": [ { "name": "B1", "value": { "bits": null, "display": "TRUE", "kind": "logical" } } ], "recorded_in": "Excel 16.0.20527.20088 Current Channel, Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA" } ], "platform": "Windows 64-bit (NT 10.0.26200), x86-64, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H, en-ZA", "sources": [ "https://github.com/DnaCalc/ExcelFunctionsHandbook/blob/3345a87/content/notes/FN-WORKDAY-001.json" ] }, { "behaviour": "2,400 captured inputs are indexed for this environment. Capture dates: 2026-09-24 to 2026-09-25. This is a reading count, not a comparison with another build.", "excel_build": "16.0 build 20430", "platform": "Windows, 64-bit, AMD Ryzen 7 4800H with Radeon Graphics", "sources": [ "https://github.com/DnaCalc/ExcelFunctionsHandbook/blob/5dc75391aa5125ccc5abdb095da85950980d6fd8/content/evidence/environments/FUNC.WORKDAY.json" ] } ] }